II-4
<strong>2.4OFTHEPRESENTABILITYOFAMERICA,WITHSOMEMISCELLANEOUSREFLES</strong>
IhavewithamaherinEnglandorAmerica,whohathnotfessedhisopinionthataseparatioweenthetries,wouldtakeplaetimeorother:Andthereisnoinstanwhichwehaveshewnlessjudgement,thaninendeavtodescribe,whatwecalltheripenessorfitnessofthetiforindependence.
Asallmenallowthemeasure,andvaryonlyintheiropinionofthetime,letus,ioremovemistakes,takeageneralsurveyofthings,andendeavour,ifpossible,tofindouttheVERYtime.Butwegofar,theinquiryceasesatonce,for,theTIMEHATHFOUNDUS.
Thegeneralcurrehegloriousunionofallthingsprovethefact.
Itisnotinnumbers,butinunity,thatreatstrengthlies;yetourpresentnumbersaresuffittorepeltheforceofalltheworld.
Thetihath,atthistime,thelargestbodyofarmedanddisciplinedmenofanypowerunderHeaven;andisjustarrivedatthatpitchth,inwhiosingleyisabletosupportitself,andthewhole,whenunited,aplishthematter,ahermore,or,lessthanthis,mightbefatalinitseffects.Ourlandforceisalreadysuffit,andastonavalaffairs,weotbeinsensible,thatBritainwouldneversufferanAmerimanofwartobebuilt,whilethetiremainedinherhands.Wherefore,weshouldbenoforwarderanhundredyearshehatbranch,thanwearenow;butthetruthis,weshouldbelessso,becausethetimberofthetryiseverydaydiminishing,andthat,whichwillremainatlast,willbefaroffanddifficulttoprocure.
Weretheticrowdedwithinhabitants,hersufferingsuhepresentcircumstanceswouldbeintolerable.Themoreseaporttownswehad,themoreshouldwehavebothtodefendandtolose.Ourpresentnumbersaresohappilyproportiooourwants,thatnomanneedbeidle.
Thediminutionoftradeaffordsanarmy,andtheiesofanarmycreatearade.
Debtswehavenone;andwhateverwemaytrathisatwillserveasagloriousmementoofourvirtue.webutleaveposteritywithasettledfover,anindepestitutionofitsown,thepurchaseatanypricewillbecheap.Buttoexpendmillionsforthesakeofgettingafewvileactsrepealed,androutingthepresentministryonly,isunworthythecharge,andisusingposteritywiththeutmostcruelty;becauseitisleavihegreatworktodo,aupontheirbacks,fromwhichtheyderivenoadvantage.Suchathoughtisunworthyofamanofhonor,andisthetruecharacteristiarrowheartandapeddlingpoliti.
Thedebtwemaytractdothnotdeserveard,iftheworkbebutaplished.Nonationoughttobewithoutadebt.
Anatioisanationalbond;abearsnoi,isinnocaseagrievance.Britainisoppressedwithadebtofupwardsofonehundredandfortymillionssterling,forwhichshepaysupwardsoffourmillionsi.Andasapensationforherdebt,shehasalargenavy;Americaiswithoutadebt,andwithoutanavy;yetforthetwehpartoftheEnglishnatio,couldhaveanavyaslargeagain.ThenavyofEnglandisnotworth,atthistime,morethanthreemillionsandanhalfsterling.
Thefirstandsededitionsofthispamphletwerepublishedwithoutthefollowingcalculations,whicharenowgivenasaproofthattheaboveestimationofthenavyisjust.
[SeeEntiavalhistory,intro.page56.]Thechargeofbuildingashipofeachrate,andfurnishihmasts,yards,sailsandrigging,togetherortiomonthsboatswainsandcarpentersseastores,ascalculatedbyMr.Burchett,Secretarytothenavy.
[poundsSterling]Forashipofa100guns-35,55390--29,88680--23,63870--17,79560--14,19750--10,60640--7,55830--5,84620--3,710Andfromheiseasytosumupthevalue,orcostrather,ofthewholeBritishnavy,whitheyear1757,whenitwasatitsgreatestglorysistedofthefollowingshipsandguns:Ships.Guns.Costofone.Costofall6-100-35,553-213,31812-90-29,886-358,63212-80-23,638-283,65643-70-17,785-764,75535-60-14,197-496,89540-50-10,606-424,24045-40-7,558-340,11058-20-3,710-215,18085Sloops,bombs,andfireships,one2,000170,000withanother,_________Cost3,266,786Remainsfuns,_________233,214_________3,500,000Notryontheglobeissohappilysituated,orsointernallycapableofraisingafleetasAmerica.Tar,timber,iron,andcearehernaturalproduce.Weneedgoabroadfornothing.WhereastheDutch,whomakelargeprofitsbyhiringouttheirshipsofwartotheSpaniardsandPuese,areobligedtoimportmostoftheirmaterialstheyuse.
Weoughttoviewthebuildingafleetasanartimerce,itbeiuralmanufactoryofthistry.Itisthebestmoneywelayout.
Anavywhenfinishedisworthmorethanitcost.Andisthatnicepointinnationalpoliwhierdproteareunited.Letusbuild;ifwewa,wesell;andbythatmeansreplaceourpapercurrencywithreadygoldandsilver.Inpointofmanningafleet,peopleingeneralrunintogreaterrors;itisnotnecessarythatonefourthpartshouldhesailors.
TheTerribleprivateer,Captaih,stoodthehottesteofanyshiplastwar,yethadnottwentysailorsonboard,thoughherplementofmenwardsoftwohundred.
Afewableandsocialsailorswillsooninstructasuffitnumberofactivelaheonworkofaship.Wherefore,weneverbemorecapabletobeginonmaritimemattersthannow,whileourtimberisstanding,ourfisheriesblockedup,andoursailorsandshipwrightsoutofemploy.MenofwarofseventyaygunswerebuiltfortyyearsagoinNew-England,andwhynotthesamenow?Ship-buildingisAmericasgreatestpride,andinwhichshewillintimeexcelthewholeworld.
Thegreatempiresoftheeastaremostlyinland,andsequentlyexcludedfromthepossibilityofrivallingher.
Africaisinastateofbarbarism;andnopowerinEuropehatheithersuextentofcoast,orsuinternalsupplyofmaterials.
Wherenaturehathgiventheone,shehaswithheldtheother;toAmerilyhathshebeenliberalofboth.ThevastempireofRussiaisalmostshutoutfromthesea:wherefore,herboundlessforests,hertar,iron,andceareonlyartimerce.
Inpointofsafety,oughtwetobewithoutafleet?Wearenotthelittlepeoplenow,whichweweresixtyyearsago;atthattimewemighthavetrustedourpropertyireets,orfieldsrather;asecurelywithoutlocksorboltstoourdoorsorwindows.Theowisaltered,andourmethodsofdefenseoughttoimprovewithourincreaseofproperty.Aonpirate,twelvemonthsago,mighthaveeuptheDelaware,andlaidthecityofPhiladelphiaunderinstanttribution,forwhatsumhepleased;andthesamemighthavehappeootherplaces.
Nay,anydaringfellow,inabrigoffourteenorsixteengunsmighthaverobbedthewholeti,andcarriedoffhalfamillionofmoney.
Thesearecircumstanceswhichdemandourattention,andpointouttheyofnavalprote.
Some,perhaps,willsay,thatafterwehavemadeitupBritain,shewillprotectus.webesouomean,thatsheshallkeepanavyinourharboursforthatpurpose?onsensewilltellus,thatthepowerwhichhathendeavouredtosubdueus,isofallothersthemostimpropertodefendus.
questmaybeeffecteduhepretenceoffriendship;andourselvesafteralongandbraveresistance,beatlastcheatedintoslavery.Andifhershipsarenottobeadmittedintoourharbours,Iwouldask,howisshetoprotectus?Anavythreeorfourthousandmilesoffbeoflittleuse,andonsuddenemergencies,all.
Wherefore,ifwemusthereafterprotectourselves,whynotdoitforourselves?TheEnglishlistofshipsofwar,islongandformidable,butnotatenthpartofthemareataimefitforserviumbersofthemnotinbeiheirnamesarepompouslytihelist,fonlyaplaoftheship:andnotafifthpartofsuchasarefitforservice,besparedonaionatoime.
TheEastaIndies,Mediterranean,AfridotherpartsoverwhichBritaiendsherclaim,makelargedemandsuponhernavy.
Fromamixtureofprejudidiion,wehavetractedafalsenotionrespegthenavyofEngland,andhavetalkedasifweshouldhavethewholeofittoenteratondforthatreason,supposed,thatwemusthaveoneaslarge;whiotbeinginstantlypracticable,havebeenmadeuseofbyasetofdisguisedToriestodisceinningthereon.Nothingbefartherfromtruththanthis;forifAmericahadonlyatwehpartofthenavalforceofBritain,shewouldbebyfarachforher;because,asweherhave,norclaimanyfndominion,ourwholeforcewouldbeemployedonourowncoast,whereweshould,inthelongrun,havetwotooheadvahosewhohadthreeorfourthousandmilestosailover,beforetheycouldattackus,andthesamedistaoreturniorefitandrecruit.AndalthoughBritain,byherfleet,hathacheckoverourtradetoEurope,wehaveaslargeaoneoverhertradetotheWestIndies,which,bylayingintheneighbourhoodoftheti,iseitsmercy.
Somemethodmightbefallenontokeepupanavalfortimeofpeace,ifweshouldnotjudgeitnecessarytosupportastantnavy.
Ifpremiumsweretobegiventomerts,tobuildandemployintheirserviceshipsmouhtwenty,thirty,fortyorfiftyguns,(thepremiumstobeinproportiontothelossofbulktothemerts)fiftyorsixtyofthoseships,withafewguardshipsonstantduty,wouldkeepupasuffitnavy,andthatwithoutburdeningourselveswiththeevilsoloudlyplainedofinEngland,ofsufferingtheirfleet,intimeofpeacetolierottinginthedocks.Touhesinewsoferddefenseissoundpolicy;forwhenourstrengthandourrichesplayintoeachothershand,weneedfearernalenemy.
Inalmosteveryarticleofdefenseweabound.Hempflourisheseventorankness,sothatwewantce.Ourironissuperiortothatofothertries.Oursmallarmsequaltoanyintheworld.
onwecastatpleasure.Saltpetreandgunpowderweareeverydayprodug.Ourknowledgeishourlyimproving.Resolutionisouricharacter,andcehathforsakenus.Wherefore,whatisitthatwewant?Whyisitthatwehesitate?FromBritaineothingbutruin.IfsheisonceadmittedtothegoverofAmericaagain,thistiwillhlivingin.
Jealousieswillbealwaysarising;insurreswillbestantlyhappening;andwhowillgoforthtoquellthem?WhowillventurehislifetoreducehisowntrymentnobediehediffereweenPennsylvaniaandecticut,respegsomeunlocatedlands,shewstheinsignificeofaBritishgover,andfullyproves,thatnothingbuttialauthorityregulatetialmatters.
Anotherreasonwhythepresenttimeispreferabletoallothers,is,thatthefewerournumbersare,themorelandthereisyetunoccupied,whisteadofbeinglavishedbythekingonhisworthlessdependants,maybehereafterapplied,notonlytothedischargeoftheprese,buttothestantsuppover.Nonationunderheavenhathsuadvahis.
Theinfantstateoftheies,asitiscalled,sofarfrombeingagainst,isanargumentinfavourofindependance.
Wearesuffitlynumerous,andwerewemoreso,wemightbelessunited.
Itisamatterworthyofobservation,thatthemareatryispeopled,thesmallertheirarmiesare.Inmilitaryheasfarexceededthemodems:andthereasonisevident.fortradebeingthesequenceofpopulation,menbeetoomuchabsorbedtherebytoattendtoanythingelse.ercedimihespirit,bothofpatriotismandmilitarydefendhistorysuffitlyinformsus,thatthebravestachievementswerealwaysaplishedinthenon-ageofanation.
Withtheincreaseoferglandhathlostitsspirit.ThecityofLondon,notwithstandingitsnumbers,submitstotinuedinsultswiththepatienceofacoward.Themoremeolose,thelesswilliheytoveherichareingeneralslavestofear,andsubmittocourtlypowerwiththetremblingduplicityofaSpaniel.
Youthistheseedtimeofgoodhabits,aswellinnationsasinindividuals.
Itmightbedifficult,ifnotimpossible,toformthetiintoonegoverhalfaturyhehevastvarietyofis,occasionedbyanincreaseoftradeandpopulation,wouldcreatefusion.
ywouldbeagainsty.Eachbeingablemightseachothersassistandwhiletheproudandfoolishgloriedintheirlittledistins,thewisewouldlament,thattheunionhadnotbeenformedbefore.
Wherefore,thePRESENTTIMEistheTRUETIMEforestablishingit.
Theintimacywhichistractedininfandthefriendshipwhichisformedinmisfortune,are,ofallothers,themostlastingandunalterable.
Ourpresentunionismarkedwithboththesecharacters:weareyoungandwehavebeendistressed;butourcordhathwithstoodourtroubles,andfixesamemorableareforposteritytogloryin.
Thepresenttime,likewise,isthatpeculiartime,whieverhappenstoanationbutonce,viz.thetimeitselfintoagover.
Mostnationshaveletsliptheopportunity,andbythatmeanshavebeenpelledtoreceivelawsfromtheirquerors,insteadofmakinglawsforthemselves.First,theyhadaking,andthenafover;whereas,thearticlesorcharterofgover,shouldbeformedfirst,andmeedtoexecutethemafterwardbutfromtheerrorsofothernatiouslearnwisdom,andlayholdofthepresentopportunity--TOBEGINGOVERTHERIGHTEND.
WhenWilliamthequerorsubduedEngland,hegavethemlawatthepointofthesword;anduntilwesent,thattheseatofgover,inAmerica,belegallyandauthoritativelyoccupied,weshallbeindangerofhavingitfilledbysomefortunateruffian,whomaytreatusinthesamemanner,andthen,wherewillbeourfreedom?whereourproperty?Astion,Iholdittobetheindispensabledutyofallgoveroprotectallstiousprofessorsthereof,andIknowofnootherbusinesswhichgoverhathtodotherewith,Letamanthrowasidethatnarrownessofsoul,thatselfishnessofprinciple,whichtheniggardsofallprofessionsarewillingtopartwith,andhewillbeatdeliveredofhisfearsonthathead.Suspiisthepanionofmeansouls,andthebaneofallgoodsociety.Formyself,Ifullyandstiouslybelieve,thatitisthewilloftheAlmighty,thatthereshouldbediversityiousopinionsamongus:ItaffordsalargerfieldforourChristiankindness.Wereweallofonewayofthinking,iousdispositionswouldwantmatterforprobation;andonthisliberalprinciple,Ilookonthevariousdenominationsamongus,tobelikechildrenofthesamefamily,differingonly,inwhatiscalled,theirChristiannames.
Iy,IthrewoutafewthoughtsontheproprietyofatialCharter,(forIonlypresumetoofferhints,notplans)andinthisplace,Itakethelibertyofrementioningthesubject,by,thatacharteristobeuoodasabondofsolemnobligation,whichthewholeentersinto,tosupporttherightofeveryseparatepart,whetherion,personalfreedom,orproperty.
Afirmbargainandarightreingmakelongfriends.
InafeIlikewisementioheyofalargeandequalrepresentation;andthereisnopoliticalmatterwhichmoredeservesourattention.Asmallnumberofelectors,orasmallnumberofrepresentatives,areequallydangerous.
Butiftheherepresentativesbenotonlysmall,butunequal,thedangerisincreased.Asaninstahis,Imentionthefollowing;whentheAssociatorspetitionwasbeforetheHouseofAssemblyofPennsylvania;twemembersonlywerepresent,alltheBuckstymembers,bei,votedagainstit,andhadsevenoftheChestermembersdohesame,thiswholeprovincehadbeengoverwotiesonly,andthisdaisalwaysexposedto.
Theunwarrantablestretchlikewise,whichthathousemadeintheirlastsitting,togainanuhorityoverthedelegatesofthatprovince,oughttowarnthepeopleatlarge,howtheytrustpoweroutoftheirownhands.AsetofinstrusfortheDelegateswereputtogether,whipointofsenseandbusinesswouldhavedishonouredaschoolboy,andafterbeingapprovedbyaFEW,aVERYFEWwithoutdoors,werecarriedintotheHouse,andtherepassedINBEHALFOFTHEWHOLEY;whereas,didthewholeyknohatill-willthatHousehathenteredonsomenecessarypublicmeasures,theywouldateamomenttothinkthemunworthyofsuchatrust.
Immediateymakesmanythingsve,whichiftinuedwouldgrowintooppressions.Expediendrightaredifferentthings.
WhenthecalamitiesofAmericarequiredasultation,therewashodsoready,oratthattimesoproper,astoappointpersonsfromtheseveralHousesofAssemblyforthatpurpose;andthewisdomwithwhichtheyhaveproceededhathpreservedthistifromruin.
ButasitismorethanprobablethatweshallneverbewithoutaGRESS,everywellwishertogoodorder,mustown,thatthemodeforchoosingmembersofthatbody,deservessideration.AndIputitasaquestiontothose,whomakeastudyofmankind,whetherrepresentatioionisnottoogreatapowerforohesamebodyofmentopossess?Whenlanningforposterity,weoughttoremember,thatvirtueisnothereditary.
Itisfromourehatweoftengainexcellentmaxims,andarefrequentlysurprisedintoreasonbytheirmistakes,Mr.wall(oheLordsoftheTreasury)treatedthepetitionoftheNew-YorkAssemblywithpt,becauseTHATHouse,hesaid,sistedbutoftwenty-sixmembers,whichtriflingnumber,heargued,couldnotwithdecybeputforthewhole.Wethankhimforhisinvoluntaryhoy.
[Thosewhowouldfullyuandofwhatgreatsequencealargeandequalrepresentationistoastate,shouldreadBurghspoliticaldisquisitions.]TOCLUDE,howeverstramayappeartosome,orhoweverunwillingtheymaybetothinkso,mattersnot,butmanystrongandstrikingreasonsmaybegiven,toshew,thatnothingsettleouraffairssoexpeditiouslyasanopenaermineddeclarationforindependaneofwhichare,FIRST.--Itistheofnations,whenanytwoareatwar,forsomeotherpowers,notehequarrel,tostepiors,andbringaboutthepreliminariesofapeace:hutwhileAmericacallsherselftheSubjectofGreatBritain,nopower,howeverwelldisposedshemaybe,offerhermediation.Wherefore,inourpresentstatewemayquarrelonforever.
SEDLY.--Itisunreasoosuppose,thatFranceorSpainwillgiveusanykindofassistance,ifwemeanonly,tomakeuseofthatassistahepurposeofrepairingthebreadstrengtheningtheebetweenBritainandAmerica;because,thosepowerswouldbesufferersbythesequences.
THIRDLY.--WhileweprofessourselvesthesubjectsofBritai,intheeyennations.besideredasrebels.ThepretissomewhatdangeroustoTHEIRPEAentobeinarmsuhenameofsubjects;we,o,solvetheparadox:buttouniteresistandsubje,requiresanideamuchtoorefinedforoanding.
FOURTHLY.--Wereamaobepublished,achedtncourts,settingforththemiserieswehaveendured,andthepeaceablemethodswehaveiuallyusedforredress;declaring,atthesametime,thatnotbeingable,anyloolivehappilyorsafelyuhecrueldispositionoftheBritishcourt,wehadbeendriventotheyofbreakingoffalleswithher;atthesametime,assuringallsuchcourtsofourpeaceabledispositiontowardsthem,andofourdesireofenteringintotradewiththem:SuchamemorialwouldproducemoodeffectstothistihanifashipwerefreightedwithpetitionstoBritain.
UnderourpresentdenominationofBritishsubjects,weeitherbereceivednorheardabroad:Theofallcourtsisagainstus,andwillbeso,until,byanindependaakerankwithothernations.
Theseproceedingsmayatfirstappearstrangeanddifficult;but,likeallotherstepswhichwehavealreadypassedover,willinalittletimebeefamiliarandagreeable;and,untilanindependanceisdeclared,thetiwillfeelitselflikeamanwhotitingoffsomeunpleasantbusinessfromdaytoday,yetknowsitmustbedoestosetaboutit,wishesitover,andistinuallyhauhthethoughtsofitsy.松语文学www.16sy.coM免费小说阅读
IhavewithamaherinEnglandorAmerica,whohathnotfessedhisopinionthataseparatioweenthetries,wouldtakeplaetimeorother:Andthereisnoinstanwhichwehaveshewnlessjudgement,thaninendeavtodescribe,whatwecalltheripenessorfitnessofthetiforindependence.
Asallmenallowthemeasure,andvaryonlyintheiropinionofthetime,letus,ioremovemistakes,takeageneralsurveyofthings,andendeavour,ifpossible,tofindouttheVERYtime.Butwegofar,theinquiryceasesatonce,for,theTIMEHATHFOUNDUS.
Thegeneralcurrehegloriousunionofallthingsprovethefact.
Itisnotinnumbers,butinunity,thatreatstrengthlies;yetourpresentnumbersaresuffittorepeltheforceofalltheworld.
Thetihath,atthistime,thelargestbodyofarmedanddisciplinedmenofanypowerunderHeaven;andisjustarrivedatthatpitchth,inwhiosingleyisabletosupportitself,andthewhole,whenunited,aplishthematter,ahermore,or,lessthanthis,mightbefatalinitseffects.Ourlandforceisalreadysuffit,andastonavalaffairs,weotbeinsensible,thatBritainwouldneversufferanAmerimanofwartobebuilt,whilethetiremainedinherhands.Wherefore,weshouldbenoforwarderanhundredyearshehatbranch,thanwearenow;butthetruthis,weshouldbelessso,becausethetimberofthetryiseverydaydiminishing,andthat,whichwillremainatlast,willbefaroffanddifficulttoprocure.
Weretheticrowdedwithinhabitants,hersufferingsuhepresentcircumstanceswouldbeintolerable.Themoreseaporttownswehad,themoreshouldwehavebothtodefendandtolose.Ourpresentnumbersaresohappilyproportiooourwants,thatnomanneedbeidle.
Thediminutionoftradeaffordsanarmy,andtheiesofanarmycreatearade.
Debtswehavenone;andwhateverwemaytrathisatwillserveasagloriousmementoofourvirtue.webutleaveposteritywithasettledfover,anindepestitutionofitsown,thepurchaseatanypricewillbecheap.Buttoexpendmillionsforthesakeofgettingafewvileactsrepealed,androutingthepresentministryonly,isunworthythecharge,andisusingposteritywiththeutmostcruelty;becauseitisleavihegreatworktodo,aupontheirbacks,fromwhichtheyderivenoadvantage.Suchathoughtisunworthyofamanofhonor,andisthetruecharacteristiarrowheartandapeddlingpoliti.
Thedebtwemaytractdothnotdeserveard,iftheworkbebutaplished.Nonationoughttobewithoutadebt.
Anatioisanationalbond;abearsnoi,isinnocaseagrievance.Britainisoppressedwithadebtofupwardsofonehundredandfortymillionssterling,forwhichshepaysupwardsoffourmillionsi.Andasapensationforherdebt,shehasalargenavy;Americaiswithoutadebt,andwithoutanavy;yetforthetwehpartoftheEnglishnatio,couldhaveanavyaslargeagain.ThenavyofEnglandisnotworth,atthistime,morethanthreemillionsandanhalfsterling.
Thefirstandsededitionsofthispamphletwerepublishedwithoutthefollowingcalculations,whicharenowgivenasaproofthattheaboveestimationofthenavyisjust.
[SeeEntiavalhistory,intro.page56.]Thechargeofbuildingashipofeachrate,andfurnishihmasts,yards,sailsandrigging,togetherortiomonthsboatswainsandcarpentersseastores,ascalculatedbyMr.Burchett,Secretarytothenavy.
[poundsSterling]Forashipofa100guns-35,55390--29,88680--23,63870--17,79560--14,19750--10,60640--7,55830--5,84620--3,710Andfromheiseasytosumupthevalue,orcostrather,ofthewholeBritishnavy,whitheyear1757,whenitwasatitsgreatestglorysistedofthefollowingshipsandguns:Ships.Guns.Costofone.Costofall6-100-35,553-213,31812-90-29,886-358,63212-80-23,638-283,65643-70-17,785-764,75535-60-14,197-496,89540-50-10,606-424,24045-40-7,558-340,11058-20-3,710-215,18085Sloops,bombs,andfireships,one2,000170,000withanother,_________Cost3,266,786Remainsfuns,_________233,214_________3,500,000Notryontheglobeissohappilysituated,orsointernallycapableofraisingafleetasAmerica.Tar,timber,iron,andcearehernaturalproduce.Weneedgoabroadfornothing.WhereastheDutch,whomakelargeprofitsbyhiringouttheirshipsofwartotheSpaniardsandPuese,areobligedtoimportmostoftheirmaterialstheyuse.
Weoughttoviewthebuildingafleetasanartimerce,itbeiuralmanufactoryofthistry.Itisthebestmoneywelayout.
Anavywhenfinishedisworthmorethanitcost.Andisthatnicepointinnationalpoliwhierdproteareunited.Letusbuild;ifwewa,wesell;andbythatmeansreplaceourpapercurrencywithreadygoldandsilver.Inpointofmanningafleet,peopleingeneralrunintogreaterrors;itisnotnecessarythatonefourthpartshouldhesailors.
TheTerribleprivateer,Captaih,stoodthehottesteofanyshiplastwar,yethadnottwentysailorsonboard,thoughherplementofmenwardsoftwohundred.
Afewableandsocialsailorswillsooninstructasuffitnumberofactivelaheonworkofaship.Wherefore,weneverbemorecapabletobeginonmaritimemattersthannow,whileourtimberisstanding,ourfisheriesblockedup,andoursailorsandshipwrightsoutofemploy.MenofwarofseventyaygunswerebuiltfortyyearsagoinNew-England,andwhynotthesamenow?Ship-buildingisAmericasgreatestpride,andinwhichshewillintimeexcelthewholeworld.
Thegreatempiresoftheeastaremostlyinland,andsequentlyexcludedfromthepossibilityofrivallingher.
Africaisinastateofbarbarism;andnopowerinEuropehatheithersuextentofcoast,orsuinternalsupplyofmaterials.
Wherenaturehathgiventheone,shehaswithheldtheother;toAmerilyhathshebeenliberalofboth.ThevastempireofRussiaisalmostshutoutfromthesea:wherefore,herboundlessforests,hertar,iron,andceareonlyartimerce.
Inpointofsafety,oughtwetobewithoutafleet?Wearenotthelittlepeoplenow,whichweweresixtyyearsago;atthattimewemighthavetrustedourpropertyireets,orfieldsrather;asecurelywithoutlocksorboltstoourdoorsorwindows.Theowisaltered,andourmethodsofdefenseoughttoimprovewithourincreaseofproperty.Aonpirate,twelvemonthsago,mighthaveeuptheDelaware,andlaidthecityofPhiladelphiaunderinstanttribution,forwhatsumhepleased;andthesamemighthavehappeootherplaces.
Nay,anydaringfellow,inabrigoffourteenorsixteengunsmighthaverobbedthewholeti,andcarriedoffhalfamillionofmoney.
Thesearecircumstanceswhichdemandourattention,andpointouttheyofnavalprote.
Some,perhaps,willsay,thatafterwehavemadeitupBritain,shewillprotectus.webesouomean,thatsheshallkeepanavyinourharboursforthatpurpose?onsensewilltellus,thatthepowerwhichhathendeavouredtosubdueus,isofallothersthemostimpropertodefendus.
questmaybeeffecteduhepretenceoffriendship;andourselvesafteralongandbraveresistance,beatlastcheatedintoslavery.Andifhershipsarenottobeadmittedintoourharbours,Iwouldask,howisshetoprotectus?Anavythreeorfourthousandmilesoffbeoflittleuse,andonsuddenemergencies,all.
Wherefore,ifwemusthereafterprotectourselves,whynotdoitforourselves?TheEnglishlistofshipsofwar,islongandformidable,butnotatenthpartofthemareataimefitforserviumbersofthemnotinbeiheirnamesarepompouslytihelist,fonlyaplaoftheship:andnotafifthpartofsuchasarefitforservice,besparedonaionatoime.
TheEastaIndies,Mediterranean,AfridotherpartsoverwhichBritaiendsherclaim,makelargedemandsuponhernavy.
Fromamixtureofprejudidiion,wehavetractedafalsenotionrespegthenavyofEngland,andhavetalkedasifweshouldhavethewholeofittoenteratondforthatreason,supposed,thatwemusthaveoneaslarge;whiotbeinginstantlypracticable,havebeenmadeuseofbyasetofdisguisedToriestodisceinningthereon.Nothingbefartherfromtruththanthis;forifAmericahadonlyatwehpartofthenavalforceofBritain,shewouldbebyfarachforher;because,asweherhave,norclaimanyfndominion,ourwholeforcewouldbeemployedonourowncoast,whereweshould,inthelongrun,havetwotooheadvahosewhohadthreeorfourthousandmilestosailover,beforetheycouldattackus,andthesamedistaoreturniorefitandrecruit.AndalthoughBritain,byherfleet,hathacheckoverourtradetoEurope,wehaveaslargeaoneoverhertradetotheWestIndies,which,bylayingintheneighbourhoodoftheti,iseitsmercy.
Somemethodmightbefallenontokeepupanavalfortimeofpeace,ifweshouldnotjudgeitnecessarytosupportastantnavy.
Ifpremiumsweretobegiventomerts,tobuildandemployintheirserviceshipsmouhtwenty,thirty,fortyorfiftyguns,(thepremiumstobeinproportiontothelossofbulktothemerts)fiftyorsixtyofthoseships,withafewguardshipsonstantduty,wouldkeepupasuffitnavy,andthatwithoutburdeningourselveswiththeevilsoloudlyplainedofinEngland,ofsufferingtheirfleet,intimeofpeacetolierottinginthedocks.Touhesinewsoferddefenseissoundpolicy;forwhenourstrengthandourrichesplayintoeachothershand,weneedfearernalenemy.
Inalmosteveryarticleofdefenseweabound.Hempflourisheseventorankness,sothatwewantce.Ourironissuperiortothatofothertries.Oursmallarmsequaltoanyintheworld.
onwecastatpleasure.Saltpetreandgunpowderweareeverydayprodug.Ourknowledgeishourlyimproving.Resolutionisouricharacter,andcehathforsakenus.Wherefore,whatisitthatwewant?Whyisitthatwehesitate?FromBritaineothingbutruin.IfsheisonceadmittedtothegoverofAmericaagain,thistiwillhlivingin.
Jealousieswillbealwaysarising;insurreswillbestantlyhappening;andwhowillgoforthtoquellthem?WhowillventurehislifetoreducehisowntrymentnobediehediffereweenPennsylvaniaandecticut,respegsomeunlocatedlands,shewstheinsignificeofaBritishgover,andfullyproves,thatnothingbuttialauthorityregulatetialmatters.
Anotherreasonwhythepresenttimeispreferabletoallothers,is,thatthefewerournumbersare,themorelandthereisyetunoccupied,whisteadofbeinglavishedbythekingonhisworthlessdependants,maybehereafterapplied,notonlytothedischargeoftheprese,buttothestantsuppover.Nonationunderheavenhathsuadvahis.
Theinfantstateoftheies,asitiscalled,sofarfrombeingagainst,isanargumentinfavourofindependance.
Wearesuffitlynumerous,andwerewemoreso,wemightbelessunited.
Itisamatterworthyofobservation,thatthemareatryispeopled,thesmallertheirarmiesare.Inmilitaryheasfarexceededthemodems:andthereasonisevident.fortradebeingthesequenceofpopulation,menbeetoomuchabsorbedtherebytoattendtoanythingelse.ercedimihespirit,bothofpatriotismandmilitarydefendhistorysuffitlyinformsus,thatthebravestachievementswerealwaysaplishedinthenon-ageofanation.
Withtheincreaseoferglandhathlostitsspirit.ThecityofLondon,notwithstandingitsnumbers,submitstotinuedinsultswiththepatienceofacoward.Themoremeolose,thelesswilliheytoveherichareingeneralslavestofear,andsubmittocourtlypowerwiththetremblingduplicityofaSpaniel.
Youthistheseedtimeofgoodhabits,aswellinnationsasinindividuals.
Itmightbedifficult,ifnotimpossible,toformthetiintoonegoverhalfaturyhehevastvarietyofis,occasionedbyanincreaseoftradeandpopulation,wouldcreatefusion.
ywouldbeagainsty.Eachbeingablemightseachothersassistandwhiletheproudandfoolishgloriedintheirlittledistins,thewisewouldlament,thattheunionhadnotbeenformedbefore.
Wherefore,thePRESENTTIMEistheTRUETIMEforestablishingit.
Theintimacywhichistractedininfandthefriendshipwhichisformedinmisfortune,are,ofallothers,themostlastingandunalterable.
Ourpresentunionismarkedwithboththesecharacters:weareyoungandwehavebeendistressed;butourcordhathwithstoodourtroubles,andfixesamemorableareforposteritytogloryin.
Thepresenttime,likewise,isthatpeculiartime,whieverhappenstoanationbutonce,viz.thetimeitselfintoagover.
Mostnationshaveletsliptheopportunity,andbythatmeanshavebeenpelledtoreceivelawsfromtheirquerors,insteadofmakinglawsforthemselves.First,theyhadaking,andthenafover;whereas,thearticlesorcharterofgover,shouldbeformedfirst,andmeedtoexecutethemafterwardbutfromtheerrorsofothernatiouslearnwisdom,andlayholdofthepresentopportunity--TOBEGINGOVERTHERIGHTEND.
WhenWilliamthequerorsubduedEngland,hegavethemlawatthepointofthesword;anduntilwesent,thattheseatofgover,inAmerica,belegallyandauthoritativelyoccupied,weshallbeindangerofhavingitfilledbysomefortunateruffian,whomaytreatusinthesamemanner,andthen,wherewillbeourfreedom?whereourproperty?Astion,Iholdittobetheindispensabledutyofallgoveroprotectallstiousprofessorsthereof,andIknowofnootherbusinesswhichgoverhathtodotherewith,Letamanthrowasidethatnarrownessofsoul,thatselfishnessofprinciple,whichtheniggardsofallprofessionsarewillingtopartwith,andhewillbeatdeliveredofhisfearsonthathead.Suspiisthepanionofmeansouls,andthebaneofallgoodsociety.Formyself,Ifullyandstiouslybelieve,thatitisthewilloftheAlmighty,thatthereshouldbediversityiousopinionsamongus:ItaffordsalargerfieldforourChristiankindness.Wereweallofonewayofthinking,iousdispositionswouldwantmatterforprobation;andonthisliberalprinciple,Ilookonthevariousdenominationsamongus,tobelikechildrenofthesamefamily,differingonly,inwhatiscalled,theirChristiannames.
Iy,IthrewoutafewthoughtsontheproprietyofatialCharter,(forIonlypresumetoofferhints,notplans)andinthisplace,Itakethelibertyofrementioningthesubject,by,thatacharteristobeuoodasabondofsolemnobligation,whichthewholeentersinto,tosupporttherightofeveryseparatepart,whetherion,personalfreedom,orproperty.
Afirmbargainandarightreingmakelongfriends.
InafeIlikewisementioheyofalargeandequalrepresentation;andthereisnopoliticalmatterwhichmoredeservesourattention.Asmallnumberofelectors,orasmallnumberofrepresentatives,areequallydangerous.
Butiftheherepresentativesbenotonlysmall,butunequal,thedangerisincreased.Asaninstahis,Imentionthefollowing;whentheAssociatorspetitionwasbeforetheHouseofAssemblyofPennsylvania;twemembersonlywerepresent,alltheBuckstymembers,bei,votedagainstit,andhadsevenoftheChestermembersdohesame,thiswholeprovincehadbeengoverwotiesonly,andthisdaisalwaysexposedto.
Theunwarrantablestretchlikewise,whichthathousemadeintheirlastsitting,togainanuhorityoverthedelegatesofthatprovince,oughttowarnthepeopleatlarge,howtheytrustpoweroutoftheirownhands.AsetofinstrusfortheDelegateswereputtogether,whipointofsenseandbusinesswouldhavedishonouredaschoolboy,andafterbeingapprovedbyaFEW,aVERYFEWwithoutdoors,werecarriedintotheHouse,andtherepassedINBEHALFOFTHEWHOLEY;whereas,didthewholeyknohatill-willthatHousehathenteredonsomenecessarypublicmeasures,theywouldateamomenttothinkthemunworthyofsuchatrust.
Immediateymakesmanythingsve,whichiftinuedwouldgrowintooppressions.Expediendrightaredifferentthings.
WhenthecalamitiesofAmericarequiredasultation,therewashodsoready,oratthattimesoproper,astoappointpersonsfromtheseveralHousesofAssemblyforthatpurpose;andthewisdomwithwhichtheyhaveproceededhathpreservedthistifromruin.
ButasitismorethanprobablethatweshallneverbewithoutaGRESS,everywellwishertogoodorder,mustown,thatthemodeforchoosingmembersofthatbody,deservessideration.AndIputitasaquestiontothose,whomakeastudyofmankind,whetherrepresentatioionisnottoogreatapowerforohesamebodyofmentopossess?Whenlanningforposterity,weoughttoremember,thatvirtueisnothereditary.
Itisfromourehatweoftengainexcellentmaxims,andarefrequentlysurprisedintoreasonbytheirmistakes,Mr.wall(oheLordsoftheTreasury)treatedthepetitionoftheNew-YorkAssemblywithpt,becauseTHATHouse,hesaid,sistedbutoftwenty-sixmembers,whichtriflingnumber,heargued,couldnotwithdecybeputforthewhole.Wethankhimforhisinvoluntaryhoy.
[Thosewhowouldfullyuandofwhatgreatsequencealargeandequalrepresentationistoastate,shouldreadBurghspoliticaldisquisitions.]TOCLUDE,howeverstramayappeartosome,orhoweverunwillingtheymaybetothinkso,mattersnot,butmanystrongandstrikingreasonsmaybegiven,toshew,thatnothingsettleouraffairssoexpeditiouslyasanopenaermineddeclarationforindependaneofwhichare,FIRST.--Itistheofnations,whenanytwoareatwar,forsomeotherpowers,notehequarrel,tostepiors,andbringaboutthepreliminariesofapeace:hutwhileAmericacallsherselftheSubjectofGreatBritain,nopower,howeverwelldisposedshemaybe,offerhermediation.Wherefore,inourpresentstatewemayquarrelonforever.
SEDLY.--Itisunreasoosuppose,thatFranceorSpainwillgiveusanykindofassistance,ifwemeanonly,tomakeuseofthatassistahepurposeofrepairingthebreadstrengtheningtheebetweenBritainandAmerica;because,thosepowerswouldbesufferersbythesequences.
THIRDLY.--WhileweprofessourselvesthesubjectsofBritai,intheeyennations.besideredasrebels.ThepretissomewhatdangeroustoTHEIRPEAentobeinarmsuhenameofsubjects;we,o,solvetheparadox:buttouniteresistandsubje,requiresanideamuchtoorefinedforoanding.
FOURTHLY.--Wereamaobepublished,achedtncourts,settingforththemiserieswehaveendured,andthepeaceablemethodswehaveiuallyusedforredress;declaring,atthesametime,thatnotbeingable,anyloolivehappilyorsafelyuhecrueldispositionoftheBritishcourt,wehadbeendriventotheyofbreakingoffalleswithher;atthesametime,assuringallsuchcourtsofourpeaceabledispositiontowardsthem,andofourdesireofenteringintotradewiththem:SuchamemorialwouldproducemoodeffectstothistihanifashipwerefreightedwithpetitionstoBritain.
UnderourpresentdenominationofBritishsubjects,weeitherbereceivednorheardabroad:Theofallcourtsisagainstus,andwillbeso,until,byanindependaakerankwithothernations.
Theseproceedingsmayatfirstappearstrangeanddifficult;but,likeallotherstepswhichwehavealreadypassedover,willinalittletimebeefamiliarandagreeable;and,untilanindependanceisdeclared,thetiwillfeelitselflikeamanwhotitingoffsomeunpleasantbusinessfromdaytoday,yetknowsitmustbedoestosetaboutit,wishesitover,andistinuallyhauhthethoughtsofitsy.松语文学www.16sy.coM免费小说阅读
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